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Principal Leadership Magazine, Vol. 4, Number 8, May 2004
Counseling 101 Column
Helping Homeless Students
Principals have unique opportunities and a legal responsibility to
assist homeless students and protect their rights in school.
By Elizabeth A. Mizerek and Elizabeth E. Hinz
Elizabeth A. Mizerek is a doctoral student in school psychology at
the University of Minnesota. Elizabeth
E. Hinz is district liaison for homeless and highly mobile students
for the Minneapolis Public School
District. This article was created in cooperation with the National
Association of School Psychologists.
Estimates show that nearly 1.4 million children are homeless every year.
(Urban Institute, 2000). As with many other unique populations, homeless
students have special needs that schools have inimitable opportunities-as
well as legal responsibilities-to address. Secondary school administrators
set the standard for how homeless students are treated and are responsible
for ensuring and advocating for their rights in school.
Legal Background
Addressing the needs of homeless youth is required by law through the
Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act, currently known as the McKinney-Vento
Act. This federal law entitles homeless children to a free and appropriate
education and states that schools must eliminate barriers to enrollment,
attendance, and success in school for homeless students. Further, the
act obligates schools to appoint a liaison to work with homeless students
and their families and serve as a resource for educators. In December
2001, the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) reauthorized the McKinney-Vento
Act. This reauthorization requires school districts to keep homeless
students in their "schools of origin" and, to the extent possible, provide
transportation to and from school. Homeless students are also immediately
eligible for free meals and access to educational services that are comparable
to any student in the district.
Defining and Identifying Homeless Youth
According to federal law, homeless children include those who lack a
fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence. McKinney-Vento recognizes
a wide range of living situations as homelessness, such as frequent mobility
or living in shared housing (often a crowded residence with several other
families), motels, cars, parks, makeshift housing, or shelters.
Unless students are directly referred to the school as homeless students,
staff members will often need to make judgment calls to identify homeless
students and offer assistance. Although some students will volunteer
their personal information, many homeless students will make oblique
references to where they are staying. Students may also indirectly indicate
that they are homeless through changes in their habits and appearance,
such as increased sleepiness; wearing the same clothes frequently or
other personal care issues; a decreasing quality of school work; and
most often, and absences from school.
While it is important to respect students' right to privacy, it is also
essential for homeless students to know their legal rights under McKinney-Vento.
Homeless students should be offered every opportunity to continue to
attend their schools of origin and have access to all other appropriate
services to help them achieve in school.
Family Characteristics
Homeless students are of every race and cultural background. Ninety
percent of homeless families are single-parent families that are typically
headed by the mother. The characteristics of homeless students are similar
to other students living in poverty, the difference being that they do
not have consistent housing.
Research shows that homeless and low-income housed mothers have higher
lifetime and current rates of major depression and substance abuse (Bassuk,
Buckner, Perloff, & Bassuk, 1998). Many homeless and poor housed
mothers have experienced severe physical abuse by a childhood caretaker,
childhood molestation, and severe violence by a male partner. In fact,
fleeing an abusive partner is the single most common reason for family
homelessness in Minnesota (Wilder Research Center, 2003).
Homeless students are often on their own by the time they reach secondary
school age. Administrators frequently refer to these older homeless students
as unaccompanied youth or, more informally, as "couch surfers" or "couch
hoppers." Unaccompanied youth may have more struggles than homeless students
living with their families, and many drop out of high school (Family
Housing Fund, 1999). These students are unable to live in family shelters
and adult shelters are often not safe for them. In addition, men and
boys over the age of 16, even if they have a family, are not permitted
to reside in most family shelters.
Student Characteristics
Basic needs. Homeless students sometimes do not get enough to eat and
therefore come to school hungry. Homeless students may not get enough
sleep at night or are afraid to sleep. Many homeless students do not
receive adequate medical or dental care and are more likely to have health
problems. Homeless students have higher rates of upper respiratory and
ear infections, skin diseases, and common cold symptoms than their peers
(Yamaguchi, Strawser, & Higgins, 1997).
Social and emotional issues. In general, homeless youth
are frequently shy and withdrawn, tend to feel isolated and disconnected
from school, and often feel stigmatized and alienated from their classmates
(Yamaguchi et al., 1997). Homeless students are likely to have lower
self-esteem and higher levels of anxiety than their peers (Bassuk & Rubin,
1987). Kidd and Kral (2002) found that 76% of street youth reported having
attempted suicide, and feelings of rejection, low self-worth, and isolation
were prevalent. The suicide rate for homeless males between the ages
of 18 and 24 is 10.3 times higher than the national average (Kidd & Kral,
2002).
School performance. About 12% of homeless children are
not enrolled in school and up to 45% do not attend school regularly (Duffield,
2001). This is a cause for concern because poor attendance is a significant
predictor of dropping out of school (Christenson, Sinclair, Lehr, & Hurley,
2000). Overall, the academic achievement of homeless students is poor.
Research indicates that 43% of homeless students repeat a grade, 25%
are placed in special education, and 50% are failing academically (Bassuk & Rubin,
1987). Other data reveal that only one-third of homeless students read
at grade level compared to more than half of their same-aged peers (Rescorla,
Parker, & Stolley, 1991).
School Interventions
The relationships that homeless students have with school staff members
may be the only associations they have with people who are living in
a productive and positive manner and who can serve as guides for how
to live constructive lives. School provides stability for homeless students
and gives them a sense of self-worth. Graduating from high school has
been identified as a protective factor for this population, which highlights
the need for intervention to ensure that homeless students receive adequate
educational opportunities. A knowledgeable principal can help ensure
that all staff members know the rights of homeless students and that
they receive required services. The following are some ideas to provide
support in school for homeless youth.
Provide workshops for teachers and staff members to inform and
address the unique needs of homeless students. Educate staff
members about the special needs of homeless students and ways to
work with their parents or guardians to make certain that they know
their educational rights. General information about developmental
issues and resources should be discussed and definitions of homelessness
should be clear to everyone. It is helpful to display information
in prominent locations. Administrators should also stress that homeless
students' privacy and emotional health should be protected.
Establish school services that meet the basic needs of homeless students.
In addition to the traditional lunch, many schools provide breakfast
for students. Teachers should be encouraged to have a snack supply in
their classroom in case students arrive late to school. Consider providing
showers, personal care items, clean clothes, or laundry facilities to
students who need them.
Develop a clear attendance policy. Homeless students should
not be penalized simply for being late because they may have to accommodate
complicated bus schedules with several transfers to get to school. Keep
close track of student attendance and follow-up immediately when students
are absent.
Bridge the gap between schools if a child moves. Although
the McKinney-Vento Act requires homeless students to remain in their
schools of origin if the parent chooses, some students will change schools
often. Learn which school a homeless student is moving to and contact
the appropriate staff members at the new school to facilitate the transfer
of records and background information and help the student to make a
smooth transition and continue to receive the best education possible.
Maintaining contact with the transferring homeless student will also
indicate a special relationship and add stability to his or her life.
Ensure that a full range of services is available. Homeless
students should have access to tutoring, special education, and English
language learner resources as needed. In addition, homeless students
should be informed that they can participate in field trips and schoolwide
activities even if they cannot pay for them or do not have transportation.
The district's homeless student liaison should provide each school with
a list of community resources-such as shelters, housing information programs,
and food banks-that meet the basic needs of homeless students.
Keep in contact with parents or guardians. Parents, guardians,
or significant adults can provide valuable information regarding what
homeless students' lives are like outside of school, and it is important
to encourage their participation. Consistent contact helps homeless students
and their parents or guardians feel more connected to school, which is
associated with increased attendance and higher academic achievement.
Keep in contact with the district liaison. McKinney-Vento
requires each school district to have a liaison to work with homeless
students and families. This liaison works with school staff members to
provide basic resources as well as resources for after-school activities.
The liaison is especially important to unaccompanied youth and can help
them fill out paperwork and make important educational and life decisions.
Although the district liaison will take the lead to support homeless
students at the districtwide level, school social workers, psychologists,
or counselors can take responsibility for these students as well. Homeless
students also need support from the school's attendance clerk, nurse,
transportation coordinator, food service staff members, after-school
program coordinator, and individual teachers. PL
References
- Bassuk, E. L., Buckner, J. C., Perloff, J. N., & Bassuk, S.
S. (1998). Prevalence of mental health and substance use disorders
among homeless and low-income housed mothers. American Journal of Psychiatry,
155(11), 1561-1564.
- Bassuk, E. L. & Rubin, L. (1987). Homeless children: A neglected
population. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(2), 279-286.
- Christenson, S. L., Sinclair, M. F., Lehr, C., & Hurley, C.
(2000). Promoting successful school completion. In K. M. Minke G. C.
Bear (Eds.), Preventing school problems-promoting school success: Strategies
and programs that work. Bethesda, MD: National Association of School
Psychologists.
- Duffield, B. (2001). The educational rights of homeless children:
Policies and practices. Educational Studies, 32, 323-336.
- Family Housing Fund. (1999). Homelessness and its effects on children.
Retrieved January 14, 2004, www.fhfund.org/_dnld/reports/kids.pdf.
- Kidd, S. A. & Kral, M. J. (2002). Suicide and prostitution among
street youth: A qualitative analysis. Adolescence, 37(146), 411-430.
- Rescorla, L., Parker, R., & Stolley, P. (1991). Ability, achievement,
and adjustment for homeless children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,
61(2), 210-220.
- Urban Institute, (2000). America's homeless II: Population and services.
Retrieved February 2, 2004, www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/900344_AmericasHomelessII.pdf
- Wilder Research Center (2003). Understanding homelessness 2000:
Facts and faces from the survey of Minnesotans without permanent housing.
Retrieved January 14, 2004, from www.wilder.org/research/reports.html?summary=1131
- Yamaguchi, B. J., Strawser, S., & Higgins, K. (1997). Children
who are homeless: Implications for educators. Intervention in School
and Clinic, 33, 90-97.
Additional Resources
Web Sites:
Hotlines:
Frequent Indicators of Homelessness
Students or their parents may make statements that indicate whether
they are likely to meet the McKinney-Vento definition of homelessness:
- "Our address is new; I can't remember it."
- "I'm not sure what the address is of this place we're staying."
- "I don't know where we live."
- "I'm not sure where we're staying right now."
- "We've been moving around a lot lately."
- "I'm just going through a bad time right now."
- "We're staying with relatives/ friends until we get settled."
- "I'm with a friend for a short while."
- "We just aren't settled quite yet."
Case Study: A Shelter Student
Devon is a 15-year-old boy who has just moved from out of state to Minneapolis
with his mother, two younger brothers, and an older sister. The living
arrangements that Devon's mother had expected have fallen through and
she has reluctantly moved her family to a shelter. The family stayed
in a shelter in their home city, a family violence shelter, and the mother
had hoped to avoid another shelter experience. However, she is very relieved
that Devon is able to stay with them because not all emergency shelters
allow boys to stay with their families-typically the maximum age is 16
for boys to stay in a family shelter.
Observations
The Minneapolis school district has a staff person who works with the
shelter to enroll homeless students in school. Devon and his siblings
do not have their previous school records or health information with
them. This has not slowed enrollment for his siblings, but Devon's school
placement is taking longer because he has special needs and he has waited
several days. From what Devon and his mother describe, it sounds as though
he was in a federal setting III program (i.e., in a separate classroom
for more than 60% of the school day) in his previous school.
What to Do
Providing the best educational program for Devon means adhering to both
the McKinney-Vento Act and special education legislation and regulations,
which emphasize the importance of immediate school enrollment and attendance.
The first step is to get Devon's records from his previous school through
the special education placement coordinator or another staff member in
order to provide special education options for Devon. An individualized
education program (IEP) meeting needs to be held and an appropriate program
and school placement should be made for Devon. If there are no records
forthcoming from the previous school, Devon must attend the "home" school
based upon the shelter's address as a regular education student. In the
meantime, staff members will gather data and prepare an interim IEP to
give Devon support while he is evaluated for special education. They
should also secure transportation arrangements and school supplies for
Devon.
Considerations
- What is the protocol for securing school records for students who
are new to the district? Do all staff members know that students identified
as homeless have the right to immediate enrollment in school and are
expected to attend school?
- What is the protocol for securing special education records for
homeless students when the student does not have copies of the records?
What can be done when the previous school is not forthcoming with the
information-for example, when the appropriate staff member is difficult
to reach or insists on taking time to send the records?
- What is the protocol when the student's current IEP is not considered
adequate or appropriate for the new school?
- Are staff members aware of both McKinney-Vento and special education
requirements for students? There is a higher rate of receiving special
education services among homeless students than in the general population.
- How vulnerable is Devon in this new environment and how can he be
helped to safely manage some of the basics of getting through the day-such
as riding a new school bus with a new driver, passengers, and route?
- What can be done to help Devon adjust to the changes he faces in
school, with new people and a new environment, knowing that special
needs students are often especially sensitive to changes?
- How can Devon be placed in the best school setting to meet his needs?
- What can be done to work with Devon without having the opportunity
to look at his current IEP?
Copyright 2004 National Association of Secondary School Principals. Produced
in cooperation with the NASP.